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Average Salary and Job Outcomes With a Vision Science & Physiological Optics Degree

What Do You Learn With This Degree?

What Do You Learn With This Degree?

A program that focuses on the scientific study of vision, visual processes, and related phenomena and clinical research and treatment modalities. Includes instruction in ocular anatomy and physiology, microbiology of the eye, electrophysiology, neurophysiology, corneal physiology, photochemistry, psychophysics, visual biophysics and motor systems, sensory mechanisms and photoreception, eye circulation and metabolism, geometric and physical optics, ocular development across the life span, visual stimuli and perception, color vision, eye motility, biometrics and measurement techniques, visual pathology, and environmental issues.

What Can You Do With This Degree?

What Can You Do With This Degree?

Conduct research dealing with the understanding of human diseases and the improvement of human health. Engage in clinical investigation, research and development, or other related activities. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.

U.S. Summary
Job & Salary Averages
  • Salary Value (U.S.): $75,386
    "Salary Value"  is a salary score which represents the average of salary medians for all jobs attainable with this degree, per metro area and/or per state.
  • Average of Job Growth Averages (U.S.): 9%
    The "average of job growth averages"  is an average of national job growth rates for all jobs attainable with this degree.
  • Avg. Years of Work Experience Needed: 2-4 years
Education Costs
  • Avg. Undergrad. Out-of-State Cost (U.S.):  $36,160/yr
  • Avg. Undergrad. In-State Cost (U.S.):  $24,808/yr
  • Avg. Graduate Out-of-State Cost (U.S.):  $25,603/yr
  • Avg. Graduate In-State Cost (U.S.):  $17,771/yr
  • Avg. Combined Out-of-State Cost (U.S.):  $30,128/yr
  • Avg. Combined In-State Cost (U.S.):  $20,787/yr

All information is based on data collected by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Center for Education Statistics.

DOCTORATE Most Required Degree
Doctorate

This chart visualizes the percentage of jobs requiring a particular degree level (including if a degree isn't required by most employers).

Average Salary Medians

What Are Salary Medians?

Salary median is the average salary amount earned by workers, calculated per industry or per metro area. Average salary median is an average of median salaries for jobs that are attainable with this degree. Metro area average salary median is the average of salary medians for jobs within a metro area. State average salary median is the average of all metro area average salary medians within that state.

For more information about salary medians and average salary medians, please read this blog post, "Average Salary Median" vs. "Salary Median".

Click on any state in the table below to see which metro areas earn the highest median salaries. If you see "N/A" next to a state, it means that no data is available about that state for this degree.

Overall Salary Value: $75,386

The state with the highest salary value for this degree is California ($116,768) in the Vallejo-Fairfield, CA metro area.

Alaska

Metro Area Salary Values for Alaska

Fairbanks, AK metro area has the highest salary value in Alaska ($68,535).

Fairbanks, AK $68,535
Alaska nonmetropolitan area $63,490
$66,013
Alabama

Metro Area Salary Values for Alabama

Tuscaloosa, AL metro area has the highest salary value in Alabama ($73,890).

Huntsville, AL $50,960
Mobile, AL $60,960
Montgomery, AL $69,240
Tuscaloosa, AL $73,890
Northeast Alabama nonmetropolitan area $51,230
Southeast Alabama nonmetropolitan area $70,210
$62,748
Arkansas

Metro Area Salary Values for Arkansas

Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR metro area has the highest salary value in Arkansas ($71,210).

Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR $71,210
West Arkansas nonmetropolitan area $62,430
$66,820
Arizona

Metro Area Salary Values for Arizona

Tucson, AZ metro area has the highest salary value in Arizona ($99,495).

Tucson, AZ $99,495
$99,495
California

Metro Area Salary Values for California

Vallejo-Fairfield, CA metro area has the highest salary value in California ($146,420).

Chico, CA $111,050
El Centro, CA $102,680
Fresno, CA $111,380
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA $122,970
Modesto, CA $122,620
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA $109,840
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA $104,630
Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA $110,070
Salinas, CA $123,740
San Diego-Carlsbad, CA $125,780
San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA $125,145
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $115,920
San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles-Arroyo Grande, CA $111,970
Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA $121,520
Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA $107,790
Santa Rosa, CA $113,330
Stockton-Lodi, CA $128,060
Vallejo-Fairfield, CA $146,420
North Coast Region of California nonmetropolitan area $114,070
Eastern Sierra-Mother Lode Region of California nonmetropolitan area $106,180
North Valley-Northern Mountains Region of California nonmetropolitan area $112,210
$116,768
Colorado

Metro Area Salary Values for Colorado

Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO metro area has the highest salary value in Colorado ($72,470).

Colorado Springs, CO $66,270
Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO $72,470
Fort Collins, CO $50,200
Southwest Colorado nonmetropolitan area $52,690
$62,820
Connecticut

Metro Area Salary Values for Connecticut

Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT metro area has the highest salary value in Connecticut ($116,450).

New Haven, CT $108,760
Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT $116,450
$112,605
Washington, D.C. N/A
Delaware N/A
Florida

Metro Area Salary Values for Florida

Port St. Lucie, FL metro area has the highest salary value in Florida ($105,280).

Jacksonville, FL $82,280
Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL $68,715
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL $89,065
Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL $104,340
North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL $71,270
Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL $63,935
Port St. Lucie, FL $105,280
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL $82,075
$81,002
Georgia

Metro Area Salary Values for Georgia

Middle Georgia nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest salary value in Georgia ($76,250).

Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA $63,610
Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC $59,775
North Georgia nonmetropolitan area $58,510
Middle Georgia nonmetropolitan area $76,250
$63,584
Hawaii N/A
Iowa

Metro Area Salary Values for Iowa

Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA metro area has the highest salary value in Iowa ($83,455).

Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA $83,455
Iowa City, IA $60,960
Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL $67,620
Northeast Iowa nonmetropolitan area $67,960
Northwest Iowa nonmetropolitan area $74,650
$73,017
Idaho

Metro Area Salary Values for Idaho

Idaho Falls, ID metro area has the highest salary value in Idaho ($69,760).

Idaho Falls, ID $69,760
$69,760
Illinois

Metro Area Salary Values for Illinois

West Central Illinois nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest salary value in Illinois ($69,220).

West Central Illinois nonmetropolitan area $69,220
$69,220
Indiana

Metro Area Salary Values for Indiana

Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN metro area has the highest salary value in Indiana ($77,160).

Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN $77,160
Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN $63,795
Terre Haute, IN $59,875
Columbus, IN $41,200
Elkhart-Goshen, IN $42,580
Evansville, IN-KY $42,660
Fort Wayne, IN $43,270
Michigan City-La Porte, IN $43,120
Muncie, IN $49,530
Northern Indiana nonmetropolitan area $37,940
Central Indiana nonmetropolitan area $43,400
Southern Indiana nonmetropolitan area $38,590
$52,263
Kansas

Metro Area Salary Values for Kansas

Kansas nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest salary value in Kansas ($63,870).

Kansas nonmetropolitan area $63,870
$63,870
Kentucky

Metro Area Salary Values for Kentucky

Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN metro area has the highest salary value in Kentucky ($67,990).

Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN $67,990
South Central Kentucky nonmetropolitan area $56,600
Central Kentucky nonmetropolitan area $64,870
East Kentucky nonmetropolitan area $63,690
$63,288
Louisiana

Metro Area Salary Values for Louisiana

New Orleans-Metairie, LA metro area has the highest salary value in Louisiana ($69,310).

New Orleans-Metairie, LA $69,310
$69,310
Massachusetts

Metro Area Salary Values for Massachusetts

Worcester, MA-CT metro area has the highest salary value in Massachusetts ($92,685).

Springfield, MA-CT $89,585
Worcester, MA-CT $92,685
Massachusetts nonmetropolitan area $76,660
$88,240
Maryland

Metro Area Salary Values for Maryland

Salisbury, MD-DE metro area has the highest salary value in Maryland ($109,860).

Salisbury, MD-DE $109,860
Maryland nonmetropolitan area $99,620
$104,740
Maine

Metro Area Salary Values for Maine

Southwest Maine nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest salary value in Maine ($76,830).

Southwest Maine nonmetropolitan area $76,830
$76,830
Michigan

Metro Area Salary Values for Michigan

Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI metro area has the highest salary value in Michigan ($95,670).

Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI $95,670
Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI $64,855
Jackson, MI $61,770
Kalamazoo-Portage, MI $78,440
Lansing-East Lansing, MI $80,915
Upper Peninsula of Michigan nonmetropolitan area $71,840
$77,337
Minnesota

Metro Area Salary Values for Minnesota

Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI metro area has the highest salary value in Minnesota ($83,340).

Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $83,340
Northwest Minnesota nonmetropolitan area $70,180
$78,953
Missouri

Metro Area Salary Values for Missouri

North Missouri nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest salary value in Missouri ($64,740).

St. Louis, MO-IL $64,730
Springfield, MO $61,790
Central Missouri nonmetropolitan area $61,440
North Missouri nonmetropolitan area $64,740
$63,486
Mississippi

Metro Area Salary Values for Mississippi

Southwest Mississippi nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest salary value in Mississippi ($66,860).

Hattiesburg, MS $59,670
Jackson, MS $52,160
Northeast Mississippi nonmetropolitan area $52,940
Northwest Mississippi nonmetropolitan area $56,210
Southeast Mississippi nonmetropolitan area $54,400
Southwest Mississippi nonmetropolitan area $66,860
$56,663
Montana

Metro Area Salary Values for Montana

West Montana nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest salary value in Montana ($101,390).

West Montana nonmetropolitan area $101,390
$101,390
North Carolina

Metro Area Salary Values for North Carolina

Greenville, NC metro area has the highest salary value in North Carolina ($106,660).

Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC $78,680
Durham-Chapel Hill, NC $92,460
Greenville, NC $106,660
Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC $64,470
Raleigh, NC $82,975
Winston-Salem, NC $63,780
Fayetteville, NC $60,310
Greensboro-High Point, NC $65,110
Wilmington, NC $56,850
Southeast Coastal North Carolina nonmetropolitan area $62,630
Piedmont North Carolina nonmetropolitan area $59,590
Mountain North Carolina nonmetropolitan area $61,430
$72,614
North Dakota N/A
Nebraska

Metro Area Salary Values for Nebraska

Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA metro area has the highest salary value in Nebraska ($67,410).

Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA $67,410
South Nebraska nonmetropolitan area $62,370
$65,730
New Hampshire

Metro Area Salary Values for New Hampshire

West Central-Southwest New Hampshire nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest salary value in New Hampshire ($52,080).

Manchester, NH $48,610
Portsmouth, NH-ME $51,380
Northern New Hampshire nonmetropolitan area $39,370
Central New Hampshire nonmetropolitan area $49,540
West Central-Southwest New Hampshire nonmetropolitan area $52,080
$48,196
New Jersey

Metro Area Salary Values for New Jersey

Trenton, NJ metro area has the highest salary value in New Jersey ($78,100).

Ocean City, NJ $57,075
Trenton, NJ $78,100
Vineland-Bridgeton, NJ $65,370
$66,848
New Mexico

Metro Area Salary Values for New Mexico

Santa Fe, NM metro area has the highest salary value in New Mexico ($88,460).

Santa Fe, NM $88,460
Northern New Mexico nonmetropolitan area $62,150
Eastern New Mexico nonmetropolitan area $61,240
$70,617
Nevada

Metro Area Salary Values for Nevada

Reno, NV metro area has the highest salary value in Nevada ($91,920).

Reno, NV $91,920
$91,920
New York

Metro Area Salary Values for New York

New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA metro area has the highest salary value in New York ($106,775).

Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY $88,580
Ithaca, NY $103,935
New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA $106,775
Rochester, NY $86,095
Syracuse, NY $57,105
Binghamton, NY $78,700
Utica-Rome, NY $83,650
Capital/Northern New York nonmetropolitan area $91,560
Southwest New York nonmetropolitan area $55,390
$85,306
Ohio

Metro Area Salary Values for Ohio

Columbus, OH metro area has the highest salary value in Ohio ($94,065).

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN $72,775
Cleveland-Elyria, OH $65,330
Columbus, OH $94,065
Dayton, OH $78,900
Toledo, OH $80,100
West Northwestern Ohio nonmetropolitan area $70,170
North Northeastern Ohio nonmetropolitan area (noncontiguous) $64,760
Eastern Ohio nonmetropolitan area $74,850
Southern Ohio nonmetropolitan area $74,990
$76,616
Oklahoma

Metro Area Salary Values for Oklahoma

Tulsa, OK metro area has the highest salary value in Oklahoma ($71,335).

Tulsa, OK $71,335
$71,335
Oregon

Metro Area Salary Values for Oregon

Salem, OR metro area has the highest salary value in Oregon ($120,940).

Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA $85,540
Salem, OR $120,940
$97,340
Pennsylvania

Metro Area Salary Values for Pennsylvania

Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA metro area has the highest salary value in Pennsylvania ($105,880).

Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA $80,940
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD $95,530
Pittsburgh, PA $79,575
Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA $105,880
York-Hanover, PA $77,710
Southern Pennsylvania nonmetropolitan area $75,510
Erie, PA $95,700
Western Pennsylvania nonmetropolitan area $75,290
$86,428
Puerto Rico

Metro Area Salary Values for Puerto Rico

San Juan-Carolina-Caguas, PR metro area has the highest salary value in Puerto Rico ($40,110).

San Juan-Carolina-Caguas, PR $40,110
$40,110
Rhode Island N/A
South Carolina N/A
South Dakota

Metro Area Salary Values for South Dakota

Sioux Falls, SD metro area has the highest salary value in South Dakota ($93,020).

Sioux Falls, SD $93,020
$93,020
Tennessee

Metro Area Salary Values for Tennessee

Knoxville, TN metro area has the highest salary value in Tennessee ($98,500).

Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA $67,660
Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN $81,020
Knoxville, TN $98,500
Memphis, TN-MS-AR $68,190
South Central Tennessee nonmetropolitan area $56,060
$74,301
Texas

Metro Area Salary Values for Texas

Lubbock, TX metro area has the highest salary value in Texas ($85,810).

College Station-Bryan, TX $80,595
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $72,150
El Paso, TX $38,230
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX $76,920
Killeen-Temple, TX $62,760
McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX $58,300
San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX $60,540
Lubbock, TX $85,810
Tyler, TX $65,910
West Texas Region of Texas nonmetropolitan area $55,910
North Texas Region of Texas nonmetropolitan area $42,960
Hill Country Region of Texas nonmetropolitan area $50,490
Coastal Plains Region of Texas nonmetropolitan area $56,360
$62,822
Utah

Metro Area Salary Values for Utah

Salt Lake City, UT metro area has the highest salary value in Utah ($66,180).

Salt Lake City, UT $66,180
$66,180
Virginia

Metro Area Salary Values for Virginia

Roanoke, VA metro area has the highest salary value in Virginia ($82,325).

Charlottesville, VA $55,400
Roanoke, VA $82,325
Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC $74,330
Southside Virginia nonmetropolitan area $70,530
$72,982
Vermont

Metro Area Salary Values for Vermont

Northern Vermont nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest salary value in Vermont ($53,680).

Southern Vermont nonmetropolitan area $50,770
Northern Vermont nonmetropolitan area $53,680
$52,225
Wisconsin

Metro Area Salary Values for Wisconsin

Madison, WI metro area has the highest salary value in Wisconsin ($81,705).

Madison, WI $81,705
Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI $73,570
South Central Wisconsin nonmetropolitan area $76,680
Northeastern Wisconsin nonmetropolitan area $58,020
$74,208
West Virginia

Metro Area Salary Values for West Virginia

Morgantown, WV metro area has the highest salary value in West Virginia ($85,540).

Morgantown, WV $85,540
Southern West Virginia nonmetropolitan area $75,880
$80,710
Wyoming

Metro Area Salary Values for Wyoming

Cheyenne, WY metro area has the highest salary value in Wyoming ($60,735).

Cheyenne, WY $60,735
Western Wyoming nonmetropolitan area $54,945
Eastern Wyoming nonmetropolitan area $54,540
$56,740

Doctorate

Average Salary Median: $75,386

The state with the highest average salary median for a doctorate degree is California ($116,542) in the Vallejo-Fairfield, CA metro area.

Alaska

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Alaska (Doctorate)

Fairbanks, AK metro area has the highest average salary median in Alaska ($68,535) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Fairbanks, AK $68,535
Alaska nonmetropolitan area $63,490
$66,013
Alabama

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Alabama (Doctorate)

Tuscaloosa, AL metro area has the highest average salary median in Alabama ($73,890) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Huntsville, AL $50,960
Mobile, AL $60,960
Montgomery, AL $69,240
Tuscaloosa, AL $73,890
Northeast Alabama nonmetropolitan area $51,230
Southeast Alabama nonmetropolitan area $70,210
$62,748
Arkansas

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Arkansas (Doctorate)

Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR metro area has the highest average salary median in Arkansas ($71,210) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR $71,210
West Arkansas nonmetropolitan area $62,430
$66,820
Arizona

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Arizona (Doctorate)

Tucson, AZ metro area has the highest average salary median in Arizona ($99,495) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Tucson, AZ $99,495
$99,495
California

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for California (Doctorate)

Vallejo-Fairfield, CA metro area has the highest average salary median in California ($146,420) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Chico, CA $111,050
El Centro, CA $102,680
Fresno, CA $111,380
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA $122,970
Modesto, CA $122,620
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA $109,840
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA $104,630
Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA $110,070
Salinas, CA $123,740
San Diego-Carlsbad, CA $125,780
San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA $125,145
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA $115,920
San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles-Arroyo Grande, CA $111,970
Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA $121,520
Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA $107,790
Santa Rosa, CA $113,330
Stockton-Lodi, CA $128,060
Vallejo-Fairfield, CA $146,420
North Coast Region of California nonmetropolitan area $114,070
Eastern Sierra-Mother Lode Region of California nonmetropolitan area $106,180
North Valley-Northern Mountains Region of California nonmetropolitan area $112,210
$116,542
Colorado

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Colorado (Doctorate)

Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO metro area has the highest average salary median in Colorado ($72,470) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Colorado Springs, CO $66,270
Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO $72,470
Fort Collins, CO $50,200
Southwest Colorado nonmetropolitan area $52,690
$60,408
Connecticut

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Connecticut (Doctorate)

Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT metro area has the highest average salary median in Connecticut ($116,450) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

New Haven, CT $108,760
Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT $116,450
$112,605
Washington, D.C. N/A
Delaware N/A
Florida

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Florida (Doctorate)

Port St. Lucie, FL metro area has the highest average salary median in Florida ($105,280) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Jacksonville, FL $82,280
Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL $68,715
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL $89,065
Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL $104,340
North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL $71,270
Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL $63,935
Port St. Lucie, FL $105,280
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL $82,075
$83,370
Georgia

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Georgia (Doctorate)

Middle Georgia nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest average salary median in Georgia ($76,250) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA $63,610
Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC $59,775
North Georgia nonmetropolitan area $58,510
Middle Georgia nonmetropolitan area $76,250
$64,536
Hawaii N/A
Iowa

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Iowa (Doctorate)

Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA metro area has the highest average salary median in Iowa ($83,455) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA $83,455
Iowa City, IA $60,960
Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL $67,620
Northeast Iowa nonmetropolitan area $67,960
Northwest Iowa nonmetropolitan area $74,650
$70,929
Idaho

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Idaho (Doctorate)

Idaho Falls, ID metro area has the highest average salary median in Idaho ($69,760) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Idaho Falls, ID $69,760
$69,760
Illinois

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Illinois (Doctorate)

West Central Illinois nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest average salary median in Illinois ($69,220) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

West Central Illinois nonmetropolitan area $69,220
$69,220
Indiana

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Indiana (Doctorate)

Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN metro area has the highest average salary median in Indiana ($77,160) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN $77,160
Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN $63,795
Terre Haute, IN $59,875
Columbus, IN $41,200
Elkhart-Goshen, IN $42,580
Evansville, IN-KY $42,660
Fort Wayne, IN $43,270
Michigan City-La Porte, IN $43,120
Muncie, IN $49,530
Northern Indiana nonmetropolitan area $37,940
Central Indiana nonmetropolitan area $43,400
Southern Indiana nonmetropolitan area $38,590
$48,593
Kansas

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Kansas (Doctorate)

Kansas nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest average salary median in Kansas ($63,870) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Kansas nonmetropolitan area $63,870
$63,870
Kentucky

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Kentucky (Doctorate)

Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN metro area has the highest average salary median in Kentucky ($67,990) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN $67,990
South Central Kentucky nonmetropolitan area $56,600
Central Kentucky nonmetropolitan area $64,870
East Kentucky nonmetropolitan area $63,690
$63,288
Louisiana

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Louisiana (Doctorate)

New Orleans-Metairie, LA metro area has the highest average salary median in Louisiana ($69,310) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

New Orleans-Metairie, LA $69,310
$69,310
Massachusetts

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Massachusetts (Doctorate)

Worcester, MA-CT metro area has the highest average salary median in Massachusetts ($92,685) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Springfield, MA-CT $89,585
Worcester, MA-CT $92,685
Massachusetts nonmetropolitan area $76,660
$86,310
Maryland

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Maryland (Doctorate)

Salisbury, MD-DE metro area has the highest average salary median in Maryland ($109,860) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Salisbury, MD-DE $109,860
Maryland nonmetropolitan area $99,620
$104,740
Maine

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Maine (Doctorate)

Southwest Maine nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest average salary median in Maine ($76,830) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Southwest Maine nonmetropolitan area $76,830
$76,830
Michigan

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Michigan (Doctorate)

Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI metro area has the highest average salary median in Michigan ($95,670) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI $95,670
Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI $64,855
Jackson, MI $61,770
Kalamazoo-Portage, MI $78,440
Lansing-East Lansing, MI $80,915
Upper Peninsula of Michigan nonmetropolitan area $71,840
$75,582
Minnesota

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Minnesota (Doctorate)

Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI metro area has the highest average salary median in Minnesota ($83,340) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI $83,340
Northwest Minnesota nonmetropolitan area $70,180
$76,760
Missouri

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Missouri (Doctorate)

North Missouri nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest average salary median in Missouri ($64,740) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

St. Louis, MO-IL $64,730
Springfield, MO $61,790
Central Missouri nonmetropolitan area $61,440
North Missouri nonmetropolitan area $64,740
$63,175
Mississippi

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Mississippi (Doctorate)

Southwest Mississippi nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest average salary median in Mississippi ($66,860) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Hattiesburg, MS $59,670
Jackson, MS $52,160
Northeast Mississippi nonmetropolitan area $52,940
Northwest Mississippi nonmetropolitan area $56,210
Southeast Mississippi nonmetropolitan area $54,400
Southwest Mississippi nonmetropolitan area $66,860
$57,040
Montana

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Montana (Doctorate)

West Montana nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest average salary median in Montana ($101,390) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

West Montana nonmetropolitan area $101,390
$101,390
North Carolina

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for North Carolina (Doctorate)

Greenville, NC metro area has the highest average salary median in North Carolina ($106,660) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC $78,680
Durham-Chapel Hill, NC $92,460
Greenville, NC $106,660
Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC $64,470
Raleigh, NC $82,975
Winston-Salem, NC $63,780
Fayetteville, NC $60,310
Greensboro-High Point, NC $65,110
Wilmington, NC $56,850
Southeast Coastal North Carolina nonmetropolitan area $62,630
Piedmont North Carolina nonmetropolitan area $59,590
Mountain North Carolina nonmetropolitan area $61,430
$71,245
North Dakota N/A
Nebraska

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Nebraska (Doctorate)

Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA metro area has the highest average salary median in Nebraska ($67,410) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA $67,410
South Nebraska nonmetropolitan area $62,370
$64,890
New Hampshire

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for New Hampshire (Doctorate)

West Central-Southwest New Hampshire nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest average salary median in New Hampshire ($52,080) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Manchester, NH $48,610
Portsmouth, NH-ME $51,380
Northern New Hampshire nonmetropolitan area $39,370
Central New Hampshire nonmetropolitan area $49,540
West Central-Southwest New Hampshire nonmetropolitan area $52,080
$48,196
New Jersey

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for New Jersey (Doctorate)

Trenton, NJ metro area has the highest average salary median in New Jersey ($78,100) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Ocean City, NJ $57,075
Trenton, NJ $78,100
Vineland-Bridgeton, NJ $65,370
$66,848
New Mexico

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for New Mexico (Doctorate)

Santa Fe, NM metro area has the highest average salary median in New Mexico ($88,460) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Santa Fe, NM $88,460
Northern New Mexico nonmetropolitan area $62,150
Eastern New Mexico nonmetropolitan area $61,240
$70,617
Nevada

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Nevada (Doctorate)

Reno, NV metro area has the highest average salary median in Nevada ($91,920) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Reno, NV $91,920
$91,920
New York

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for New York (Doctorate)

New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA metro area has the highest average salary median in New York ($106,775) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY $88,580
Ithaca, NY $103,935
New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA $106,775
Rochester, NY $86,095
Syracuse, NY $57,105
Binghamton, NY $78,700
Utica-Rome, NY $83,650
Capital/Northern New York nonmetropolitan area $91,560
Southwest New York nonmetropolitan area $55,390
$83,532
Ohio

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Ohio (Doctorate)

Columbus, OH metro area has the highest average salary median in Ohio ($94,065) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN $72,775
Cleveland-Elyria, OH $65,330
Columbus, OH $94,065
Dayton, OH $78,900
Toledo, OH $80,100
West Northwestern Ohio nonmetropolitan area $70,170
North Northeastern Ohio nonmetropolitan area (noncontiguous) $64,760
Eastern Ohio nonmetropolitan area $74,850
Southern Ohio nonmetropolitan area $74,990
$75,104
Oklahoma

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Oklahoma (Doctorate)

Tulsa, OK metro area has the highest average salary median in Oklahoma ($71,335) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Tulsa, OK $71,335
$71,335
Oregon

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Oregon (Doctorate)

Salem, OR metro area has the highest average salary median in Oregon ($120,940) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA $85,540
Salem, OR $120,940
$103,240
Pennsylvania

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Pennsylvania (Doctorate)

Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA metro area has the highest average salary median in Pennsylvania ($105,880) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA $80,940
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD $95,530
Pittsburgh, PA $79,575
Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA $105,880
York-Hanover, PA $77,710
Southern Pennsylvania nonmetropolitan area $75,510
Erie, PA $95,700
Western Pennsylvania nonmetropolitan area $75,290
$85,767
Puerto Rico

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Puerto Rico (Doctorate)

San Juan-Carolina-Caguas, PR metro area has the highest average salary median in Puerto Rico ($40,110) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

San Juan-Carolina-Caguas, PR $40,110
$40,110
Rhode Island N/A
South Carolina N/A
South Dakota

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for South Dakota (Doctorate)

Sioux Falls, SD metro area has the highest average salary median in South Dakota ($93,020) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Sioux Falls, SD $93,020
$93,020
Tennessee

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Tennessee (Doctorate)

Knoxville, TN metro area has the highest average salary median in Tennessee ($98,500) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA $67,660
Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN $81,020
Knoxville, TN $98,500
Memphis, TN-MS-AR $68,190
South Central Tennessee nonmetropolitan area $56,060
$74,286
Texas

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Texas (Doctorate)

Lubbock, TX metro area has the highest average salary median in Texas ($85,810) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

College Station-Bryan, TX $80,595
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX $72,150
El Paso, TX $38,230
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX $76,920
Killeen-Temple, TX $62,760
McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX $58,300
San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX $60,540
Lubbock, TX $85,810
Tyler, TX $65,910
West Texas Region of Texas nonmetropolitan area $55,910
North Texas Region of Texas nonmetropolitan area $42,960
Hill Country Region of Texas nonmetropolitan area $50,490
Coastal Plains Region of Texas nonmetropolitan area $56,360
$62,072
Utah

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Utah (Doctorate)

Salt Lake City, UT metro area has the highest average salary median in Utah ($66,180) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Salt Lake City, UT $66,180
$66,180
Virginia

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Virginia (Doctorate)

Roanoke, VA metro area has the highest average salary median in Virginia ($82,325) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Charlottesville, VA $55,400
Roanoke, VA $82,325
Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC $74,330
Southside Virginia nonmetropolitan area $70,530
$70,646
Vermont

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Vermont (Doctorate)

Northern Vermont nonmetropolitan area metro area has the highest average salary median in Vermont ($53,680) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Southern Vermont nonmetropolitan area $50,770
Northern Vermont nonmetropolitan area $53,680
$52,225
Wisconsin

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Wisconsin (Doctorate)

Madison, WI metro area has the highest average salary median in Wisconsin ($81,705) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Madison, WI $81,705
Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI $73,570
South Central Wisconsin nonmetropolitan area $76,680
Northeastern Wisconsin nonmetropolitan area $58,020
$72,494
West Virginia

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for West Virginia (Doctorate)

Morgantown, WV metro area has the highest average salary median in West Virginia ($85,540) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Morgantown, WV $85,540
Southern West Virginia nonmetropolitan area $75,880
$80,710
Wyoming

Metro Area Average Salary Medians for Wyoming (Doctorate)

Cheyenne, WY metro area has the highest average salary median in Wyoming ($60,735) for a doctorate degree in this area of study.

Cheyenne, WY $60,735
Western Wyoming nonmetropolitan area $54,945
Eastern Wyoming nonmetropolitan area $54,540
$56,740

2 Jobs Attainable With This Degree

The jobs below are commonly attainable with this degree. Most job roles require a doctorate degree.  For a doctorate degree, the average salary median is $75,386. 

  Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists

Conduct research dealing with the understanding of human diseases and the improvement of human health. Engage in clinical investigation, research and development, or other related activities.

Salary Ratio: 0.27    

The Salary Ratio is a comparison of the average salary median compared to the average cost of obtaining this degree (average of undergraduate and graduate costs). It takes a job's average salary median and then compares it to the combined average cost of undergraduate degrees (1-4 years) and graduate degrees (6 years for a masters, 8 years for a doctorate) needed to qualify for that job.

A ratio that's close to 1, or greater, indicates that the average salary median which can be earned is substantial compared to the average cost of obtaining the degree. A Salary Ratio of 0, "N/A", or "INF" implies that school data is not available to provide a proper evaluation. Explore other factors such as the years of work experience usually required, the degree level normally required, and the types of attainable jobs to determine the feasibility of pursuing this degree.

Common Job Titles    
  • Anatomist
  • Cancer Researcher
  • Chemotherapist
  • Clinical Analyst
  • Clinical Laboratory Scientist (Clinical Lab Scientist)
  • Clinical Pharmacologist
  • Clinical Research Analyst
  • Clinical Research Scientist
  • Clinical Research Specialist
  • Clinical Researcher
  • Cytologist
  • Endocrinologist
  • Gerontologist
  • Histologist
  • Histopathologist
  • Immunochemist
  • Medical Health Researcher
  • Medical Laboratory Scientist (Medical Lab Scientist)
  • Medical Physicist
  • Medical Research Scientist
  • Medical Researcher
  • Medical Science Liaison (MSL)
  • Medical Scientist
  • Neurophysiologist
  • Neuroscientist
  • Parasitologist
  • Pharmaceutical Botanist
  • Pharmacognosist
  • Pharmacologist
  • Physician Scientist
  • Research Scientist
  • Research Specialist
  • Researcher
  • Scientist
  • Serologist
  • Study Director
  • Toxicologist
  • US Salary Median: $77,511
  • Job Growth (U.S.): 7.9%
  • Prior Experience: 2-4 years
  • Degree Level Required: Doctorate

  Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary

Teach courses in biological sciences. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.

Salary Ratio: 0.2    

The Salary Ratio is a comparison of the average salary median compared to the average cost of obtaining this degree (average of undergraduate and graduate costs). It takes a job's average salary median and then compares it to the combined average cost of undergraduate degrees (1-4 years) and graduate degrees (6 years for a masters, 8 years for a doctorate) needed to qualify for that job.

A ratio that's close to 1, or greater, indicates that the average salary median which can be earned is substantial compared to the average cost of obtaining the degree. A Salary Ratio of 0, "N/A", or "INF" implies that school data is not available to provide a proper evaluation. Explore other factors such as the years of work experience usually required, the degree level normally required, and the types of attainable jobs to determine the feasibility of pursuing this degree.

Common Job Titles    
  • Adjunct Biology Instructor
  • Adjunct Instructor
  • Algology Teacher
  • Anatomy Instructor
  • Anatomy Professor
  • Apiculture Teacher
  • Arboriculture Teacher
  • Assistant Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Bacteriology Professor
  • Bacteriology Teacher
  • Biochemistry Professor
  • Biochemistry Teacher
  • Biological Sciences Instructor
  • Biological Sciences Professor
  • Biology Adjunct Instructor
  • Biology Assistant Professor
  • Biology Faculty Member
  • Biology Instructor
  • Biology Lecturer
  • Biology Professor
  • Biology Teacher
  • Biophysics Teacher
  • Botany Professor
  • Botany Teacher
  • Cardiology Teacher
  • College Faculty Member
  • College Professor
  • Cytology Teacher
  • Ecology Teacher
  • Embryology Professor
  • Embryology Teacher
  • Endocrinology Teacher
  • Entomology Teacher
  • Etiology Teacher
  • Faculty Member
  • Genetics Teacher
  • Helminthology Teacher
  • Herpetology Teacher
  • Human Anatomy Teacher
  • Ichthyology Teacher
  • Instructor
  • Lab Instructor
  • Lecturer
  • Life Sciences Teacher
  • Limnology Teacher
  • Mammalogy Teacher
  • Microbiology Instructor
  • Microbiology Professor
  • Microbiology Teacher
  • Morphology Teacher
  • Mycology Teacher
  • Nematology Teacher
  • Ornithology Teacher
  • Osteology Teacher
  • Parasitology Teacher
  • Physiology Instructor
  • Phytopathology Teacher
  • Plant Anatomy Teacher
  • Plant Physiology Teacher
  • Plant Taxonomy Teacher
  • Professor
  • Protozoology Teacher
  • Science Instructor
  • Science Professor
  • Taxonomy Teacher
  • University Faculty Member
  • Zoology Professor
  • Zoology Teacher
  • US Salary Median: $75,221
  • Job Growth (U.S.): 10.1%
  • Prior Experience: 2-4 years
  • Degree Level Required: Doctorate


Average Education Costs

Doctorate

The average cost for a graduate degree is $17,771 per year (or $25,603 if you're out-of-state), which means you're estimated to spend $71,084 to earn a doctorate (or $102,412 if you're out-of-state). This doesn't include the cost to first earn a bachelor's degree ($99,232 if you're in-state, $144,640 if you're out-of-state) and then a master's degree ($35,542 if you're in-state, $51,206 if you're out-of-state).

Most Affordable Schools for an Undergraduate Vision Science & Physiological Optics Degrees

University of the Incarnate Word

4301 Broadway - San Antonio, TX

Out-of-state cost: $32,286/year
In-state cost: $32,286/year
Degrees: Bachelor's, Master's, Doctorate

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Financial Aid

Nova Southeastern University

3301 College Ave - Fort Lauderdale, FL

Out-of-state cost: $33,430/year
In-state cost: $33,430/year
Degrees: Bachelor's, Master's

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Financial Aid

Indiana University-Bloomington

107 South Indiana Ave. - Bloomington, IN

Out-of-state cost: $37,600/year
In-state cost: $11,221/year
Degrees: Bachelor's, Master's, Doctorate

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Financial Aid

Providence College

1 Cunningham Square - Providence, RI

Out-of-state cost: $54,388/year
In-state cost: $54,388/year
Degrees: Bachelor's

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Most Affordable Schools for a Graduate Vision Science & Physiological Optics Degrees

University of Houston

212 E. Cullen Building - Houston, TX

Out-of-state cost: $18,689/year
In-state cost: $9,547/year
Degrees: Master's, Doctorate

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University of Alabama at Birmingham

Administration Bldg Suite 1070 - Birmingham, AL

Out-of-state cost: $19,188/year
In-state cost: $8,100/year
Degrees: Master's, Doctorate

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Financial Aid

New England College of Optometry

424 Beacon St - Boston, MA

Out-of-state cost: $21,771/year
In-state cost: $21,771/year
Degrees: Master's

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Financial Aid

SUNY College of Optometry

33 West 42nd Street - New York, NY

Out-of-state cost: $23,561/year
In-state cost: $11,771/year
Degrees: Master's, Doctorate

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Financial Aid

University of California-Berkeley

200 California Hall - Berkeley, CA

Out-of-state cost: $29,347/year
In-state cost: $14,245/year
Degrees: Master's, Doctorate

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Financial Aid

Pacific University

2043 College Way - Forest Grove, OR

Out-of-state cost: $35,325/year
In-state cost: $35,325/year
Degrees: Master's

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Financial Aid

Ohio State University-Main Campus

190 N. Oval Mall - Columbus, OH

Out-of-state cost: $37,141/year
In-state cost: $12,425/year
Degrees: Master's, Doctorate

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Financial Aid

Marshall B Ketchum University

2575 Yorba Linda Blvd - Fullerton, CA

Out-of-state cost: $37,646/year
In-state cost: $37,646/year
Degrees: Master's

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Financial Aid

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